Introduction In air cargo logistics, weight equals cost. Every additional kilogram increases fuel consumption, emissions, and freight rates. At the same time, air cargo often involves high-value, sensitive, or time-critical

Introduction Road logistics operates in a constantly changing environment. Traffic congestion, accidents, weather events, road closures, labor disruptions, and border delays can instantly derail even the most carefully planned routes.

Introduction Air cargo is one of the most cost-sensitive and capacity-constrained segments of global logistics. Even small inefficiencies—empty space, misallocated capacity, or inaccurate demand planning—can significantly erode margins. In 2025,