Introduction As global supply chains become more complex and time-sensitive, a growing share of air cargo consists of low-volume but high-value shipments—such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices, critical spare parts, electronics,

Introduction In air cargo logistics, weight equals cost. Every additional kilogram increases fuel consumption, emissions, and freight rates. At the same time, air cargo often involves high-value, sensitive, or time-critical

Introduction Road logistics operates in a constantly changing environment. Traffic congestion, accidents, weather events, road closures, labor disruptions, and border delays can instantly derail even the most carefully planned routes.